It Is an Art That Ends at Two Oclock

City in Iowa, United States

Council Bluffs, Iowa
City
Haymarket Historic District
Motto(southward): "Iowa'southward Spirit"[1]
Location in Iowa
Council Bluffs Location within Iowa Bear witness map of Iowa Council Bluffs Location within the The states Evidence map of the United States
Coordinates: 41°15′Northward 95°52′Due west  /  41.250°N 95.867°W  / 41.250; -95.867
Land	United States
Land	Iowa
County	Pottawattamie
Incorporated	Jan nineteen, 1853[2]
Government
• Mayor	Matt Walsh
• City Council	Joe DiSalvo, Chad Hannan, Roger Sandau, Steve Gordman, Chris Peterson
Surface area [3]
• Urban center	45.67 sq mi (118.29 km2)
• Land	42.96 sq mi (111.27 km2)
• Water	two.71 sq mi (vii.02 kmii)
Elevation	1,090 ft (332 m)
Population (2020)
• Urban center	62,799
• Rank	tenth in Iowa
• Density	1,461.73/sq mi (564.38/km2)
• Metro	967,604 (58th)
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Cypher codes	51501-51503
Area code(s)	712
FIPS code	nineteen-16860
GNIS feature ID	0455672
Interstates
Website	councilbluffs-ia.gov

Satellite photo showing Council Bluffs
and Omaha, Nebraska

Courthouse, Council Bluffs, Iowa 1915

Council Bluffs is a city in and the canton seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, The states.^[4] The urban center is the most populous in Southwest Iowa, and is the third largest and a chief metropolis of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area. It is located on the east bank of the Missouri River, across from the city of Omaha, Nebraska. Council Bluffs was known, until at to the lowest degree 1853, as Kanesville.^[5] It was the historic starting betoken of the Mormon Trail. Kanesville is also the northernmost ballast town of the other emigrant trails, since there was a steam-powered boat to ferry their wagons, and cattle, across the Missouri River.^[5] In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad to California was connected to the existing U.South. rails network at Council Bluffs.

Council Bluffs' population was 62,799 at the time of the 2020 demography, making it the state's tenth largest city.^[6] The Omaha metropolitan region, of which Council Bluffs is a role, is the 58th largest in the United states of america, with an estimated population of 967,604 (2020).^[vii]

History [edit]

1804–1843: Pottawattamie reservation and Caldwell's Camp [edit]

The kickoff Council Barefaced (singular) was on the Nebraska side of the river at Fort Atkinson, most 20 miles (32 km) northwest of the electric current city of Quango Bluffs. Information technology was named by Lewis and Clark for a bluff where they met the Otoe tribe on Baronial two, 1804.^[8]

The Iowa side of the river became an Indian Reservation in the 1830s for members of the Council of Three Fires of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi, who were forced to go out the Chicago area under the Treaty of Chicago, which cleared the way for the city of Chicago to incorporate.

The largest group of Native Americans who moved to the area were the Pottawatomi, who were led by their chief Sauganash ("one who speaks English language"), the son of the British loyalist William Caldwell, who founded Canadian communities on the south side of the Detroit River, and a Pottawatomi woman.

Seeking to avoid confrontation with the Sioux, who were natives of the Council Bluffs area, the 1,000 to two,000 Pottawattamie initially had settled east of the Missouri River in Indian territory between Leavenworth, Kansas and St. Joseph, Missouri. When this area was bought from Ioway, Sac and Play a trick on tribes in the Platte Purchase and office of Missouri in 1837, Sauganash and the Pottawatomi were forced to movement to their assigned reservation in Council Bluffs. Sauganash's English name was Billy Caldwell, and his village was called Caldwell'south Camp. The tribe were sometimes called the Bluff Indians. U.S. Army Dragoons built a small-scale fort nearby.

In 1838–39, the missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet founded St. Joseph's Mission to minister to the Potawatomi. De Smet was appalled by the violence and brutality caused by the whiskey trade, and tried to protect the tribe from unscrupulous traders. Nevertheless, he had piddling success in persuading tribal members to catechumen to Christianity and resorted to surreptitious baptisms of Indian children.^[nine]

During this time, De Smet contributed to Joseph Nicollet'south work in mapping the upper midwest. De Smet produced the first European-recorded, detailed map of the Council Bluffs area; it detailed the Missouri River valley system, from beneath the Platte River to the Big Sioux River.^{[10] [11]}

Pierre-Jean De Smet's map of the Council Bluffs surface area, 1839. The area labeled Caldwell's Army camp was a Potawatomi village led by Sauganash, near the site of Kanesville, subsequently called Council Bluffs.^[10]

De Smet wrote an early clarification of the Potawatomi settlement:

Imagine a corking number of cabins and tents, made of the bark of trees, buffalo skins, coarse cloth, rushes and sods, all of a mournful and funereal attribute, of all sizes and shapes, some supported by one pole, others having six, and with the roofing stretched in all the different styles imaginable, and all scattered here and in that location in the greatest confusion, and you will accept an Indian hamlet.^[12]

As more than Native Americans were pushed into the Council Bluffs area past force per unit area of European-American settlement to the east, intertribal conflict increased, fueled past the illegal whiskey merchandise. The US Army built Fort Croghan in 1842, to continue order and try to control liquor traffic on the Missouri River. However that fort was destroyed in a flood the same year.^[thirteen]

Past 1846 the Pottawatomi were forced to motion again to a new reservation at Osawatomie, Kansas.

[edit]

In 1844, the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Political party crossed the Missouri River hither, on their way to blaze a new path into California across the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Beginning in 1846, in that location was a big influx of Latter-solar day Saints into the area, although in the winter of 1847–1848 almost Latter-day Saints crossed to the Nebraska side of the Missouri River. Initially, the expanse was called "Miller's Hollow", afterward Henry Westward. Miller, who would be the first member of the Iowa State Legislature from the surface area. Miller as well was the foreman for the structure of the Kanesville Tabernacle.^[fourteen]

By 1848, the town had get known every bit Kanesville, named for distributor Thomas 50. Kane, who had helped negotiate in Washington, DC federal permission for the Mormons to use Indian land along the Missouri for their winter encampment of 1846–47. Built at or side by side to Caldwell'southward Camp, Kanesville became the main outfitting indicate for the Mormon Exodus to Utah, and it is the recognized head end of the Mormon Trail.

Edwin Carter, who would become a noted naturalist in Colorado, worked here from 1848 to 1859 in a dry goods store. He helped supply Mormon wagon trains.

Settlers departing due west from Kanesville, into the sparsely settled, unorganized parts of the Territory of Missouri to the Oregon Land and the newly conquered California Territory, through the (eventual) Nebraska Territory, traveled past carriage trains along the much-storied Oregon, Mormon, or California Trails into the newly expanded United States western lands.

After the starting time large organized wagon trains left Missouri in 1841, the annual migration waves began in earnest by spring of 1843. They congenital up, thereafter, with the opening of the Mormon Trail (1846) until peaking in the later 1860s, when news of railroad's progress had a braking upshot.

Past the 1860s, near all migration wagon trains were passing near the renamed town. The wagon train trails became less important with the advent of the first complete transcontinental railway in 1869, just while trail employ diminished afterward that, their use continued on at lesser rates until belatedly in the nineteenth century.

The Mormon Battalion began their march from Kanesville to California during the Mexican–American State of war. This was where plural marriage first began to be openly practiced. Orson Hyde began publishing The Frontier Guardian newspaper, and Brigham Young was sustained as the second president of The Church building of Jesus Christ of Latter-24-hour interval Saints (LDS church). The community was transformed by the California Gold Rush, and the majority of Mormons left for Utah by 1852.

1852–1900: Council Bluffs and the beginning of the railroad era [edit]

In 1852, the boondocks was renamed Council Bluffs. It continued as a major outfitting indicate on the Missouri River for the Emigrant Trail and Expressway's Peak Gilt Rush, and entertained a lively steamboat trade.

In 1863 an bearding soldier on his way to fight the Dakota Uprising passed through Quango Bluffs and described a hardscrabble town:

At Council Bluffs our inflow was greeted by a few rounds from the old 6 pounder, while the streets were lined with a curiosity-seeking class of humanity, among which could hands be traced the physiognomy of bipeds of nigh every clime—all here to make money. The cute Yankee whittling out wooden hams to sell to Pikes' Tiptop emigrants, the Chatham Street peddler, with his stock of "oht clo'due south," set to swear that he had them manufactured expressly for his western merchandise; the mock auctioneer, the jeweler with his pinchback jewelry of all kinds; horse and mule jockeys, gamblers, thieves, assassinator—and the mischief knows what non, rather than what is—all congregated in this lilliputian vii×9 city, stuck in a great ravine, iii miles from the Missouri River. When you lot understand that this is the great entrepot for emigration across the Plains, you lot will readily comprehend that this is a expert point at which to "take stranger in," and it is washed almost every day. Our stay at Council Bluffs was very brusk (two days) and I think no i was pitiful to leave it.

—Soldier of the sixth Iowa Cavalry, Linn Canton Register, fifteen August 1863, p.2

Quango Bluffs (rather than Omaha) was designated by Abraham Lincoln as the official starting point of the transcontinental railroad which was completed in 1869. The official "Mile 0" start is at 21st Street and 9th Avenue which is at present marked by a gold fasten that was used for the promotion of the movie Union Pacific^[15] Quango Bluffs physical connectedness to the Transcontinental Railroad was delayed until 1872 when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge opened (railroad cars had to be ferried across the Missouri River from Council Bluffs to Omaha in the early on days of the Transcontinental).

The Chicago and Northward Western Railway arrived 1867. Other railroads operating in the city came to include the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, Chicago Great Western Railway, Wabash Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad.

1901–present [edit]

In 1926, the portion of Council Bluffs w of the Missouri River seceded to course Carter Lake, Iowa. Carter Lake had been cut off by a change in the course of the Missouri River.

By the 1930s, Council Bluffs had grown into the country's 5th largest track center. The railroads helped the urban center go a eye for grain storage, and massive grain elevators continue to mark the city's skyline. Other industries in the city included Blue Star Foods, Dwarfies Cereal, Frito-Lay, Georgie Porgie Cereal, Giant Manufacturing, Kimball Elevators, Mona Motor Oil, Monarch, Reliance Batteries, Woodward'due south Candy, and World Radio. During the 1940s, Meyer Lansky operated a greyhound racing track in Council Bluffs.

Restructuring of the railroad industry acquired the loss of many jobs after the mid-20th century, equally did the restructuring of heavy manufacture. Many jobs moved offshore. By the late 20th century the city and region were suffering economical stagnation and a declining population, as they struggled to develop a new economy. Downtown urban renewal was undertaken to create a new future while emphasizing the strengths of heritage.

Geography [edit]

Council Bluffs is located at 41°15′xiii″N 95°51′45″W  /  41.25361°N 95.86250°W  / 41.25361; -95.86250 (41.253698, −95.862388).^[16]

According to the Usa Census Bureau, the metropolis has a total area of 43.62 square miles (112.98 km²), of which 40.97 square miles (106.11 km²) is country and 2.65 square miles (6.86 km²) is water.^[17]

Council Bluffs covers a unique topographic region originally equanimous of prairie and savanna in the Loess Hills with extensive wetlands and deciduous wood along the Missouri River. First-class vistas tin can exist had from KOIL Point at Fairmont Park, the Lincoln Monument, Kirn Park, and the Lewis and Clark Monument. Lake Manawa State Park is located at the southern edge of the metropolis.

For the 1820s era U.s. Army outpost, see Fort Atkinson (Nebraska).

Demographics [edit]

Historical population

Year	Popular.	±%
1860	2,011	—
1870	10,020	+398.3%
1880	18,063	+lxxx.3%
1890	21,474	+18.ix%
1900	25,802	+20.2%
1910	29,292	+13.five%
1920	36,162	+23.5%
1930	42,048	+16.iii%
1940	41,439	−1.4%
1950	45,429	+9.6%
1960	55,641	+22.5%
1970	threescore,348	+viii.5%
1980	56,449	−6.five%
1990	54,315	−3.8%
2000	58,268	+7.3%
2010	62,230	+6.8%
2020	62,799	+0.ix%
Iowa Data Heart[xviii] Source: U.S. Decennial Demography[19] [6]

The population of Quango Bluffs, Iowa from US census information

2010 demography [edit]

As of the census^[twenty] of 2010, in that location were 62,230 people, 24,793 households, and 15,528 families residing in the metropolis. The population density was 1,518.ix inhabitants per square mile (586.five/km²). There were 26,594 housing units at an average density of 649.1 per foursquare mile (250.six/km²). The racial makeup of the urban center was 90.9% White, 1.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, three.6% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of whatsoever race were 8.v% of the population.

There were 24,793 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of eighteen living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no hubby nowadays, half dozen.2% had a male householder with no married woman present, and 37.four% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were fabricated upwardly of individuals, and 11.one% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the boilerplate family size was 3.01.

The median historic period in the metropolis was 35.9 years. 24.1% of residents were under the age of eighteen; 10.eight% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.one% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.five% were 65 years of historic period or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 demography [edit]

As of the demography^[21] of 2000, there were 58,268 people, 22,889 households, and 15,083 families residing in the city. The population density was one,558.vii people per square mile (601.9/km²). There were 24,340 housing units at an average density of 651.1 per foursquare mile (251.four/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.76% White, 1.05% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.81% from other races, and i.31% from ii or more than races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.45% of the population.

There were 22,889 households, out of which 31.half dozen% had children nether the historic period of xviii living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 14.three% had a female householder with no hubby present, and 34.ane% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were fabricated up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living lone who was 65 years of historic period or older. The average household size was ii.49 and the average family size was 3.03.

Historic period spread: 26.0% under the age of 18, x.3% from 18 to 24, 29.vii% from 25 to 44, twenty.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, at that place were 93.seven males. For every 100 females historic period xviii and over, there were xc.seven males.

The median income for a household in the urban center was $36,221, and the median income for a family unit was $42,715. Males had a median income of $30,828 versus $23,476 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,143. About 8.two% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and six.ix% of those age 65 or over.

Neighborhoods [edit]

Downtown Quango Bluffs looking westward along Due east Broadway

Bayliss Park in downtown Quango Bluffs

Downtown Council Bluffs historically covered the area forth West Broadway and next streets from Old Town w to the Chicago and N Western Transportation Company Railroad passenger depot at 11th Street. Downtown developed as the economic rival of Old Town after the 1853 opening of the Pacific House Hotel by Samuel S. Bayliss through the 1867 completion of the Chicago and Northwestern. In 1899, the Illinois Key rider depot opened at 12th St. and West Broadway.

1916 panoramic photo of W Broadway between 1st Street on the correct to the Council Bluffs Post Part and Federal Building at 6th Street on the left when this was part of the Lincoln Highway.

The area declined as the metropolis'due south principal retail heart after the 1955 completion of the Broadway Viaduct, 1970s urban renewal, and the 1984 opening of the Kanesville Boulevard U.S. Route 6 bypass. Remaining buildings of notation include the 1959 Quango Bluffs Mail Part and Federal Building at sixth Street, the 1986 "Red" Nelson Building, the 501 Main Building, the substantially altered 1909 City National Bank Building, and the 1968 First Federal Building. The 1947 State Savings Bank Building at 509 West Broadway and the seven-story 1924 Bennett Building at 405 West Broadway are both listed on the National Register of Celebrated Places. The 100 Cake of West Broadway is a historic district listed on the National Register of Celebrated Places and the 1892 Broadway United Methodist Church building at Westward Broadway and 1st St. remains a prominent customs landmark.

Erstwhile Boondocks Council Bluffs was adjudged by Estimate Frank Street in the 1850s every bit the expanse between Westward Broadway and Glen Avenue and E Broadway and Frank Street from Harmony Street south to Pierce Street. Today this area encompasses Billy Caldwell's settlement of Potawatomi on Indian Creek during the 1830s and Kanesville established by the Mormons as Miller's Hollow in 1848. Kanesville was the dwelling house of Mormon leaders Orson Hyde, George A. Smith, and Ezra T. Benson and served every bit a major outfitting point on the Mormon Trail during the California Gold Rush. The reconstructed Kanesville Tabernacle in the 300 block of Due east Broadway is operated every bit a museum by the LDS Church.

The West Terminate is a geographically big area on the flood apparently due east of the Missouri River and downtown Omaha, Nebraska, westward of tenth St. and the Broadway Viaduct, and north of 9th Ave. and the Wedlock Pacific Transfer railyards. These neighborhoods of long, tree-shaded avenues are divided by the commercial corridor of West Broadway (U.Due south. Route 6), once part of the Lincoln Highway. This stretch of West Broadway has traditionally had several drive-in fast nutrient restaurants and car dealerships with several grain elevators next along 1st Avenue. West Broadway ends at the Interstate 480 bridge to downtown Omaha. Iowa Highway 192 follows North 16th St. from West Broadway to Interstate 29. Neighborhood landmarks include the 1890s Illinois Central Railroad Missouri River bridge, Stan Bahnsen Park, the Gold Spike monument, the Narrows River Park, Big Lake Park, the site of Dodge Park Playland, the Dodge Christian Church building (built with the North.P. Dodge Memorial funds) and many examples of tardily 19th and early on 20th century residential architecture. The West Finish was used as a location by film managing director Alexander Payne in the movies Denizen Ruth and About Schmidt.

Casino Row is located on and nearly the Missouri River south of Westward Broadway and Interstate 480, westward of South 35th St. and Interstate 29, and due north of Interstate fourscore along 23rd Avenue west of South 24th St. The opening of the Bluffs Run Greyhound Park in 1986, now the Horseshoe Council Bluffs, was followed in the mid-1990s by riverboat casinos operated by Ameristar and Harvey'due south Casino Hotel (now Harrah's Council Bluffs). New development in this previously industrial area has included the Mid-America Center, several restaurants and hotels, an AMC Theatres with an IMAX, and a Bass Pro Shops. The advent of legalized gambling in Council Bluffs became a major event in neighboring Omaha where Mayor Hal Daub had alleged Iowa an "30 land" in 1995 as horse-racing came to an end at Ak-Sar-Ben.

Twin City is located s of where Interstate 29 splits from Interstate eighty, due east of Due south Omaha, Nebraska, west of Indian Creek, and due north of the South Omaha Bridge Road (U.S. Route 275 and Iowa Highway 92). This neighborhood adult mostly during the 1960s for workers in nearby Omaha factories and at Offutt Air Strength Base. The Interstate fourscore Exit at 1-B at South 24th Street includes two large truck stops, a Sapp Brothers and a Pilot Travel Centers, along with several motels, the Western Celebrated Trails Heart, the Bluffs Acres manufactured domicile development, and The Marketplace shopping area with J.C. Penney every bit its primary tenant. The Willows on the Southward Omaha Bridge Road is an case of mid-20th century roadside cabin architecture and Bart's Cabin further east at Southward 24th St featured prominent neon signage, was used every bit a location in the motion motion picture The Indian Runner, and has since been demolished.

Manawa is the portion of Council Bluffs from the combined Interstate 80 and Interstate 29 south to the urban center limits between Mosquito and Indian Creeks. The expanse was adult equally a trolley park by the Omaha and Council Bluffs Streetcar Company after the former channel of the Missouri River was "cut-off" during an 1881 flood to become modern Lake Manawa State Park. Later development followed the institution of U.S. Road 275 and the completion of Interstate lxxx with boosted growth during the 1990s. A variety of fast nutrient restaurants, motels, big-box stores, a TravelCenters of America truck stop, automobile dealerships, and other businesses are located between Interstate 80 and Interstate 29 s to the state park. The Lake Manawa Inn hosts early examples of roadside cabin architecture. In Feb and March, bald eagles and red-tailed hawks can often be seen at Lake Manawa, specially forth the southwest shore.

Fishermen on the Missouri River in Council Bluffs, facing the Wedlock Pacific Bridge

The Due south End is bordered by twelfth Avenue on the n, Southward 16th St. and the Union Pacific Transfer railyards on the west, Interstate 80 and Interstate 29 on the south, and the South Thruway (Iowa Highway 192) on the east. This neighborhood adult during the late 19th century with the railroads, especially the Chicago, Stone Island and Pacific Railroad, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. In the early 20th century much of the area was dubbed "Dane Town" or "Piddling Copenhagen" for the large number of Danish immigrants with several Croation and Mexican families closer to the Union Pacific railyards at "Little Vienna". Neighborhood landmarks include Peterson Park, Longfellow Schoolhouse, and the 1899 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific passenger depot, at present the RailsWest Railroad Museum.

The Oakland-Fairview neighborhood developed during the 1890s and features a wealth of 19th-century architecture, including the Judge Finley Shush mansion at 510 Oakland built in 1893 out of Minnesota granite. The neighborhood is too home to the Lincoln Monument. Located at the western finish of Lafayette Avenue, the monument was erected in 1911 by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution that, co-ordinate to folklore, commemorates the spot where Abraham Lincoln decided on the location of the transcontinental railroad in 1859. The monument offers expansive views beyond the West End in the Missouri River Valley to Omaha, Nebraska. Nearby is the archway to Fairview Cemetery, situated on the n side of Lafayette Avenue, which predates the establishment of the present city and includes the Kinsman Monument and the burial place of many early on settlers, including Amelia Bloomer. At the east end of Lafayette Avenue where it intersects with North 2d Street stands the Ruth Anne Dodge Memorial, the "Black Angel" designed past Daniel Chester French, although the wife of Grenville Dodge is really buried elsewhere in Council Bluffs.

Madison Avenue is the surface area of Council Bluffs next to Exit 5 of Interstate 80 forth Madison and Bennett avenues, Valley View Drive, and the area between Iowa Highway 92 northward to McPherson Artery. Mosquito Creek flows through this area which was originally notable for the Potawatomi gristmill and now includes the usual roadside gas stations, fast nutrient restaurants, motels, and the tracks of the Iowa Interstate Railroad. Plans for a shopping mall here commencement appeared in 1972 and construction finally began on the Mall of the Bluffs in 1985. A Sears, Old Navy, and Barnes & Noble afterward opened at the mall with side by side commercial evolution by Hy-Vee and No Frills Supermarkets. Residential growth east of the railroad tracks towards Land Orchard Road and the Council Bluffs Municipal Airport and due north to U.S. Road 6 has included developments outside the Council Bluffs metropolis limits. Original anchor stores J.C. Penney and Target both relocated from the Mall of the Bluffs in 2008.

The Huntington Avenue neighborhood consists of early 20th century Craftsman homes that air current along the tiptop of the Loess Hills past the 1925 studio of radio station KOIL, now apartments.

The historic Quango Bluffs' Red-light district was formed during the tardily 19th century, when at least 10 separate brothels were located on Pierce Street east of Park Avenue with another three brothels down the block on the southward side of W Broadway east of Park. One 1890 newspaper commodity referenced in Lt. RL Miller'due south "Selected History of the Quango Bluffs Constabulary" noted the "places of vice and corruption on Pierce" and Stella Long's above the Ogden House along with the "terrible den at the corner of Market and Vine" and Belle Clover's bagnio at eighth St. and Westward Broadway.

Economic system [edit]

The liberalization of Iowa gambling laws was followed by the opening of The Bluffs Run Greyhound Park in 1986. By 2005, Council Bluffs was the 19th largest casino market in the United States, with revenue equaling nearly $434 million.^{[ citation needed ]} Casinos include Ameristar Casino Council Bluffs, Harrah'due south Council Bluffs, and the Horseshoe Quango Bluffs.

Council Bluffs industry includes "frozen foods, robotics, dairy products, plastics, railroading, electrical products, and pork and beef packaging" per the urban center's website.^[22] American Games (a manufacturer of lottery gaming products), Barton Solvents, Con-Agra, Grundorf, Katelman Foundry, Omaha Standard Palfinger (a truck body manufacturer established 1926), Cherry-red Giant Oil, and Tyson Foods take manufacturing plants in the city.

Griffin Pipe Products, established in 1921, closed its plant employing nearly 250 people in March 2014, when information technology was bought by U.S. Piping and Foundry, based in Birmingham, Alabama.^[23] Griffin Wheels, a part of American Steel Foundries, was one of the largest Usa manufacturers of iron railroad-car wheels until it switched to pipes in the 1960s.^[24]

Mid-American Energy built a new coal-fired plant in 2007; the billion dollar investment was the single largest individual investment in Iowa's history upwards until so.^[25]

In 2007, Google began construction of a server subcontract on the erstwhile site of the Quango Bluffs drive-in theater on Veterans Memorial Highway. This first phase, completed in 2009, was to create "200 high quality jobs".^[25] The 2nd Google campus, on Bunge Avenue, had an open up house in Oct 2013, employing 50 people who are "installing and upgrading Google servers and providing maintenance on equipment".^[26] In March 2014, a 3rd phase, the Southlands expansion, was announced, creating 35 additional jobs and bringing Google's investment upward to $1.5 billion, the largest private investment in Iowa's history to date.^[27] The land increased its taxation abatement of sales and use taxation for Google from $9.6 million to $16.eight million.^[27] As of July 2014^[update] Google stated it created 130 jobs^[28] and as of June 2016 "over 300 jobs" on site.^[29] In particular, the server farms are bankroll the entire "us-central1" region of the Google Deject Platform.^[thirty]

Environmental issues [edit]

In 2010, the Iowa Department of Natural Resource found that air in cardinal Quango Bluffs measured above the national air quality standard for lead, most likely due to atomic number 82 emissions in this area by Griffin Pipe Products Company.^[31] In 2011, EPA found numerous violations of the Clean Water Act, considering the found's contaminated stormwater commingled with treated procedure wastewater and was pumped out to the storm sewer, which discharged into the Missouri River.^[32]

Arts and civilization [edit]

Quango Bluffs is the location of the Pottawattamie County "Squirrel Cage" Jail, in use from 1885 until 1969, which is one of three remaining examples of a Rotary Jail. Listed on the National Annals of Celebrated Places, information technology was built as a rotary jail with pie-shaped cells on a turntable. To access individual cells, the jailer turned a crank to rotate the cylinder until the desired cell lined upward with a fixed opening on each floor. According to the Historical Guild of Pottawattamie Canton, the Squirrel Cage Jail is the only three-story rotary jail constructed. Although the rotary mechanism was disabled in 1960, the building remained the county jail for another 9 years. Like, smaller examples of the concept can exist seen in Crawfordsville, Indiana and Gallatin, Missouri.

Union Pacific Railroad Museum in the former Carnegie Library in downtown Council Bluffs

The city's strong ties to the railroad manufacture are commemorated past three local museums. The Marriage Pacific Museum is located in the old Council Bluffs Free Public Library (a Carnegie library), at Pearl Street and Willow Avenue; the Grenville Dodge Dwelling house is on Third Street; and the RailsWest Railroad Museum is at South Main Street and Sixteenth Artery. RailsWest is housed in an 1899 Chicago, Rock Isle and Pacific Railroad passenger depot later shared with the Milwaukee Route, which was used by the Rocky Mountain Rocket, the Arrow, and the Midwest Hiawatha. RailsWest features an outdoor display of historic railroad train cars, including a Railway Mail service Role auto, two steam locomotives, two cabooses, a Burlington Lounge car, and a 1953 switcher produced past the Plymouth Locomotive Works.

The Iowa West Foundation, the charitable wing of the local gambling industry, funded a public art planning process for Council Bluffs in 2004 that emphasized a 2015 goal for the metropolis to become "a prosperous urban area known for its cultural enlightenment and public fine art collection."

To this terminate the urban center renovated Bayliss Park in downtown, which was re-dedicated in early on 2007 with a new fountain dubbed Wellspring. Its performance pavilion, known as Oculus, was designed by sculptor Brower Hatcher. This was the kickoff installation of the Iowa Due west Public Art, a foundation established during the Public Fine art Master Planning process. The Iowa West Foundation and so established IWPA along with public art website. In 2008 a fifty-pes (xv k)-alpine Molecule Human being sculpture by Jonathan Borofsky was installed at the Mid-America Center; nearby sculptures were designed by William Rex and Jun Kaneko. Albert Paley designed elements of the nearby South 24th Street span at Leave 1B of the combined Interstate 29 and Interstate 80 at Council Bluffs and Ed Carpenter designed Gateway for the West Broadway viaduct. Creative person Dan Corson and the Big Mo by Marking di Suvero are featured at Tom Hanfan'south River'south Edge Park forth the banks of the Missouri River.

Council Bluffs is besides abode to the Chanticleer Customs Theater, TVI Filtration Corporation (a major supplier of disbelieve automotive products), and Hamilton College (Iowa) which is now part of Kaplan University – Quango Bluffs.

The black squirrel is the city's mascot. John James Audubon reported the squirrels in 1843, along the Missouri River at Quango Bluffs.

For one week in late July/early August, the annual Pottawattamie County Fair is held at Westfair grounds. In that location are funfair rides, concerts, gun shows, tractor races, and a queen contest.^[33]

Sports [edit]

The Iowa Blackhawks (subsequently known equally the Council Bluffs Express) of the American Professional Football League played at the Mid-America Heart from 2004 until 2012. The Mid-America Heart was too abode to the Omaha Lancers from 2002 until 2008.

Education [edit]

Public didactics in the city of Council Bluffs is provided by two school districts: Quango Bluffs Customs School District^[34] and Lewis Central Community School Commune.^[35] Almost of the city is located inside the Council Bluffs Customs School District, which operates of public schools, the following: fourteen elementary schools, three middle schools, 3 high schools (Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson), Tucker Center career center, and Kanesville alternative high school. As of the 2008–2009 school year, district had a total enrollment of 9,246.^[36] The Lewis Central Community School District (one high school, one middles school, and two elementary schools) serves the southern portion of Council Bluffs and enrolled 3,047 students as of the 2008–2009 school twelvemonth.^[36]

At that place are several individual schools in Council Bluffs, including Community Christian Schoolhouse, Heartland Christian School, Liberty Christian School, Saint Albert Cosmic Schools (of the Roman Cosmic Diocese of Des Moines), and Trinity Lutheran Interparish School.

The Iowa School for the Deaf moved to the south edge of Council Bluffs in 1870 along what is now Iowa Highway 92. Information technology is open to all students in both Iowa and Nebraska who are younger than 21 and whose hearing loss places them at a disadvantage in the public schools.

Iowa Western Community College is located on the eastern edge of Council Bluffs about the intersection of Interstate fourscore and U.S. Route half-dozen and is the habitation of the radio station KIWR. Buena Vista University also has a location in Council Bluffs and partners with Iowa Western Customs College to offer bachelor's degree completion programs to IWCC graduates.

Transportation [edit]

The city is well served by Interstate 80, Interstate 29, U.S. Route 6, and the Loess Hills National Breathtaking Byway. The Union Pacific, BNSF, Iowa Interstate, and Canadian National Railroads all connect in Council Bluffs and conduct important freight traffic. MidAmerican Energy has a large coal-burning power plant nearly the southern city limits.

Sister cities [edit]

Council Bluffs' sister cities are:^[37]

Notable people [edit]

Academics [edit]

• Nathan M. Pusey: educator, sometime president of Harvard University

Arts [edit]

• Walter Cassel: opera singer
• Janet Dailey, romance novelist
• John Durbin: actor
• Addison Farmer: jazz musician
• Art Farmer: jazz musician
• Joan Freeman: extra, co-starred with Elvis Presley in Roustabout
• Peg Hillias: actress
• Harry Langdon: silent flick star
• Sagan Lewis: extra (St. Elsewhere)^[38]
• James Millhollin: character histrion
• Lula Greene Richards: poet
• Charles Roscoe Savage: lensman
• Ernest Schoedsack: film director, including the original King Kong and Mighty Joe Young
• David Yost: thespian
• Farrah Abraham: reality television personality.

Business [edit]

• Jonathan Browning: gunsmith
• Martin Burns: title wrestler, founder of mail service-order "Farmer Burns Scientific School of Wrestling"

Journalism [edit]

• William Pfaff: journalist
• Jack Lawrence Treynor (February 21, 1930 – May 11, 2016): Editor, Financial Analysts Periodical

Military [edit]

• Frank F. Everest: Air Forcefulness general and Commander in Europe during the Cold War
• John S. McCain Jr.: Navy Admiral, father of U.South. Senator and presidential candidate John S. McCain 3
• Raymond R. Wright: Marine Corps General during Globe War II

Politics [edit]

• Amelia Bloomer (1818–1894): 19th century suffragist^[39]
• Thomas Bowman: Businessman and U.S. Congressman
• Sam Chocolate-brown: organizer Moratorium to Finish the War in Vietnam, former Colorado state treasurer
• Grenville Dodge: U.S. Congressman, Civil War general, chief engineer of the Matrimony Pacific during structure of the transcontinental railroad
• Michael Gronstal: quondam Minority Leader, present Bulk Leader Iowa Senate^[40]
• Septimus J. Hanna (1845–1921): Christian Scientist, appointed guess of County Courtroom (and so in Council Bluffs) at age 23^[41]
• Clem F. Kimball: Lieutenant Governor of Iowa^[42]
• Joseph Lyman: Civil War soldier, lawyer, judge, U.S. Congressman
• William Henry Mills Pusey: State Senator and U.S. Congressman
• Coleen Seng: sometime Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska
• Walter I. Smith Excursion Courtroom Approximate and U.Southward. Congressman

Religion [edit]

• Gladden Bishop: contender for the presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter 24-hour interval Saints after Joseph Smith's death on June 27, 1844.
• Phineas F. Bresee (1838–1915): founder of the Church of the Nazarene^[43]
• Pierre-Jean De Smet: Jesuit missionary
• Arnold Potter: leader of an LDS splinter group and self-proclaimed Messiah

Science and engineering [edit]

• Lee De Wood: inventor, the "Gramps of Television"
• William Harrison Folsom: builder
• J. Chris Jensen: architect
• Hans Schlegel: astronaut

Sports [edit]

• Stan Bahnsen: pitcher for 6 Major League Baseball teams
• Don Chandler (1934–2011) NFL football player^[44]
• Zoe Ann Olsen-Jensen: diver, 1948 Summertime Olympics silver medalist, 1952 bronze medalist^[45]
• Ben Leber: professional football game player
• Jon Lieber: professional person baseball role player
• Carlos Martinez: professional football role player
• Brian O'Connor: National Championship-winning baseball coach at the University of Virginia
• Bob Smith: football player
• Jerry Smith, professional golfer^[46]
• William Smith, 1952 gold medalist in Olympic wrestling
• Ron Stander: boxer, the "Bluffs Butcher" who fought Joe Frazier in 1972 for the heavyweight title
• Jake Waters: football player
• Trent Paulson: 2007 NCAA National Champion, wrestling (Iowa Country)

Other [edit]

• Robert Ben Rhoades: serial killer
• Sauganash or Baton Caldwell: Potawatomi spokesman, son of William Caldwell
• Marjabelle Immature Stewart: etiquette expert
• Watseka: niece of Potawatomi Master, married to Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard and Noel Le Vasseur

See likewise [edit]

• History of Omaha
• Mormon Trail
• Route of the Oregon Trail
• Winter Quarters, Nebraska

References [edit]

1. ^ "City of Council Bluffs, Iowa". City of Quango Bluffs, Iowa. Retrieved September two, 2012.
2. ^ "City-Information". Council Bluffs. Retrieved 2010-12-x .
3. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
4. ^ Pottawattamie County, Iowa Archived 2009-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Pottawattamie County, 2007. Accessed 2007-09-05.
5. ^ ^{a b} Beeson, Welborn (1993). Webber, Bert (ed.). The Oregon & Applegate Trail Diary of Welborn Beeson in 1853 (Second ed.). Medford, Oregon: Webb Research Group. p. 80. ISBN0-936738-21-nine. Apr 21 [1853] Thursday. We traveled 18 miles came to campsite ½ mile east of Kanesville by four oclock
6. ^ ^{a b} "2020 Census State Redistricting Information". demography.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
7. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
8. ^ "National Geographic: Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Oto Indians". Archived from the original on 2002-12-16.
9. ^ Mullen, Frank (1925) "Male parent De Smet and the Pottawattamie Indian Mission", Iowa Journal of History and Politics 23:192–216.
10. ^ ^{a b} Whittaker (2008): "Pierre-Jean De Smet's Remarkable Map of the Missouri River Valley, 1839: What Did He Run into in Iowa?", Periodical of the Iowa Archeological Guild 55:1–thirteen.
11. ^ Mullen, Frank (1925) "Begetter De Smet and the Pottawattamie Indian Mission", Iowa Periodical of History and Politics 23:192–216
12. ^ Laveille, E. (1915) The Life of Father De Smet, S. J., New York: Kenedy and Sons, p.83
13. ^ "Iowa Forts".
14. ^ website on Kanesville history
15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2016-08-09 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
16. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23 .
17. ^ "Us Gazetteer files 2010". The states Demography Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-05-11 .
18. ^ "Data from the 2010 Demography". Land Data Center of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-05-08 .
19. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Demography.gov. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
20. ^ "U.S. Demography website". United states of america Demography Bureau. Retrieved 2012-05-11 .
21. ^ "U.S. Demography website". U.s.a. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31 .
22. ^ "Our Metropolis". Council Bluffs Metropolis Hall. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
23. ^ Earl, David (4 March 2014). "Alabama company to close Griffin Pipe plant". KETV7 News. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
24. ^ Brownlee, Mike (five March 2014). "News of Griffin Pipage closure 'devastating'". Omaha.com. World-Herald News Service. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
25. ^ ^{a b} "Metropolis of Council Bluffs Independent Auditor's Report June 30, 2007". Council Bluffs City Hall. 3 March 2008. p. 16. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
26. ^ Brownlee, Mike (iii October 2013). "Google shows off new Council Bluffs information center at grand opening". The Daily Nonpareil . Retrieved 22 July 2014.
27. ^ ^{a b} Ford, George (28 March 2014). "Google plans to double size of Council Bluffs data eye expansion". The Gazette . Retrieved 22 July 2014.
28. ^ "Google data centers, Council Bluffs, Iowa". n.d. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
29. ^ "Google information centers, Quango Bluffs, Iowa". north.d. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
30. ^ "Google Cloud Platform opens its Oregon region to better serve the West Coast". Tech Crunch. 20 July 2016.
31. ^ "Portion of Council Bluffs Exceeds Lead National Air Quality Standard". Iowa Department of Natural Resources. 24 Nov 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
32. ^ "Findings of Violation-Order for Compliance Docket No. CWA-07-2011-0105" (PDF). EPA. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
33. ^ "Westfair Fairgrounds and Amphitheater". Westfair . Retrieved 14 October 2015.
34. ^ Welcome to Quango Bluffs Community Schoolhouse Commune. Council-bluffs.k12.ia.us. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
35. ^ Lewis Primal Community Schools. Lewiscentral.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
36. ^ ^{a b} "2008–2009 Iowa Public School PreK-12 Enrollments past District, Form, Race and Gender". Iowa Section of Education, Bureau of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. 2009-02-04. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-05-21 .
37. ^ "Karadah Project and Sis Cities, a Winning Combination". karadahproject.com. The Karadah Projection. 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2021-04-30 .
38. ^ Barnes, Mike (2016-08-09). "Sagan Lewis, Actress and Wife of Emmy Winner Tom Fontana, Dies at 63". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016-08-16 .
39. ^ "Biographical History of Pottawattamie County, Iowa". Mrs. Amelia Bloomer. Retrieved 2010-12-08 .
40. ^ "Projection Vote Smart". Senator Michael Gronstal. Retrieved 2010-12-08 .
41. ^ "They answered the call: Septimus J. Hanna" Christian Science Journal (December 1989). Retrieved July ix, 2013 (subscription required)
42. ^ Biographical Sketch of Clem F. Kimball Archived May 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
43. ^ Brickley, Donald P. (1960). "Wesley Middle Online of Northwest Nazarene University" (PDF). MAN OF THE Morning. Nazarene Publishing Firm. Retrieved 2010-12-16 .
44. ^ "National Football League". player-Don Chandler. Retrieved 2010-12-08 .
45. ^ "SPORTS-REFERENCE/Olympic sports". Zoe Ann Olsen-Jensen. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2010-12-xvi .
46. ^ "Jerry Smith". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

External links [edit]

• Metropolis of Council Bluffs
• Council Bluffs Chamber of Commerce
• Historical Society of Pottawattamie County
• Pottawattamie County Genealogical Order
• Quango Bluffs Public Library
• Quango Bluffs Pride
• Downtown Council Bluffs
• Iowa Due west Public Fine art Quango Bluffs' public art program
• City Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more than well-nigh Council Bluffs, Iowa

Coordinates: 41°15′11″Due north 95°51′43″W  /  41.253°N 95.862°W  / 41.253; -95.862

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa